The current study proposed that higher levels of EWRDs would be associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, and this Amrubicin was partially supported by the findings, particularly among women. Our research findings suggested that women who engage in food consumption based on their emotional states are more likely to be experiencing elevated depressive symptoms than those who refrain from engaging in this type of eating. This finding is in line with previous research by Ouwens et al. (2009), which found a direct, positive association between emotional eating and depressive symptoms among women. The lack of an association between emotional eating and depression among men contradicts the findings of Elfhag and Morey (2008). This contradiction may be explained by the fact that the current study examined the association between emotional eating and depressive symptoms separately among women and men, whereas the former study examined this relationship with women and men clustered together. Furthermore, the current study also found a positive association between external eating and depressive symptoms among women but not among men, suggesting that women who eat based on external cues such as smell and taste are more likely to have elevated depressive symptoms than those who do not. Although this outcome contradicts Ouwens et al.\'s (2009) study which reported no such result, inflammatory response is important to note that the sample\'s mean age of 41.3 years may explain the conflicting findings between the two studies. It is possible that younger women are more likely to overeat when food smells or tastes particularly good compared to older women. In the current study, restrained eating was found to be positively associated with depressive symptoms among both women and men. This significant finding among women aligns with past research that has linked restrained eating to increased depressive symptomatology among college-aged women (Harrell & Jackson, 2008). However, the current study is among the first to find a significant positive association between restrained eating and depressive symptoms among men. Future research examining emotional eating, external eating, restrained eating and depressive symptoms in emerging adulthood should utilize large, balanced samples of women and men in order to clarify the relationship that exists between these constructs.
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