Administrative system SRT 1720 crucial for coastal zone management, and an effective system is beneficial for efficient marine sand resource management. The current ocean management is under five levels of government (state, provincial/municipal, city, county, and town) and top-down management is still the main management approach in China (Wang, 2012). Over the last decades, the Chinese government has developed many legislations and regulations for ocean and coastal zone management. Most of the coastal provincial and municipal governments were empowered to issue regulations, and all laws were sectoral legislations issued by different sectoral agencies. The power to regulate marine sand exploitation in the Pearl River estuary was decentralized to different administrative departments according to these national and local regulations. Important government agencies desmosome have direct responsibilities for marine sand exploitation management at the national level are the SOA and the Ministry of Transportation (executed by the Guangdong Maritime Safety Administration, GMSA). There is one provincial government (Government of Guangdong Province, GGP) that administers the Pearl River estuary, and three provincial departments, namely, the AOFGP, the Water Resources Department of the Guangdong Province (WRDG) and the Department of Land and Resources of Guangdong Province (DLRG).2 Legal authorities and related responsibilities for marine sand exploitation are summarized in Table 2.
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