To fabricate cellular nanoprobes using kinked nanowires, the tips must be presented in 3D from Salubrinal substrate surface. Orientation of kinked nanowire probe in near vertical geometry was achieved by connecting the heavily-doped arms to free standing flexible electrodes [82] as shown in Fig. 9d [28]. The kinked nanowire geometry and extended S/D nanowire arms spatially separate the functional nanoscale FET from more bulky metal interconnects. To record the intracellular transmembrane potential change, the nanowire kink tip with active FET component must penetrate the cell membrane. To achieve penetration in a histamine biomimetic manner we developed a new strategy based on chemical modification of the nanowires with phospholipid layers [28], [29], [83] and [84]. When phosopholipid-modified kinked nanowire probes contact a cell, the phospholipid layers could fuse with the cell membrane [85] and [86] and as a result, spontaneously internalize probes with a tight and high-resistance nanowire to membrane seal.
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